Illinois and Audience Essay Example for Free

Illinois and Audience Essay In the start of President Obama’s speech, he starts out by using the term Anaphora†Hello, Colorado! (Applause.) Thank you! Are you fired up? Are you ready to go? (Applause.) Are you fired up?† This helps him to get the audience ready for his speech, and it creates a good atmosphere which also helps him to make a great speech In his speech Barak Obama uses a lot of pathos laden phrases to help him engage his audience and persuade them to agree with him. We see this in his speech when he introduces some good friends â€Å"Weve got some good friends here today. Youve got your outstanding governor, John Hickenlooper†¦And all of you are here, which makes me excited.†This is an example of pathos because, Barak Obama appeals to the audience emotions by referring to other important political people who is from Denver, and by finishing up his sentence by saying that the audience makes him exited. By evoking this sentiment in his audience, Obama manages to get the audience going, and ready to hear more of what Obama has to say. Which is a very important why to start off, because then he knows that the audience is listing to him. We also see this in his speech when he starts to talk about Romney’s politics† It turns out its not a five-point plan Governor Romney has got, its a one-point plan†¦ And weve been working for four years to clean up this mess that these policies left behind.†This is an example of pathos because, when Obama talks about Governor Romney’s politics he tries to connect to the audience emotion, and he also tries to convince them that his politics is the right one. Obama thereby achieves to get his audience to agree with him, when he criticizes Governor Romney’s politics. He succeeds in doing it, when he tells about that Romney has a five point plan, when it’s only a one which they already tried before Obama took of fice. And that plan took America into the worst economic crises since the Great Depression. In his speech Obama uses logos by appealing to the audience sense. We see this in his speech when he talks about voting† Don’t boo vote. (Applause.) Vote. That’s the way to show your opinion, is to vote† This is a clear example of logos because he clearly appeals to the sense of the audience. By appealing to the sense of the audience, Obama succeeds in getting his message out; that it is important that you vote, instead of just complaining about the other parties view. He is telling that the only way you can get your opinion out, is to vote. A little later in Obama’s speech, he appeals to the audience sense again, we see this in his speech when he talks about the symptoms of romnesia, and tells what the cure is.†But, Denver, I want you to know this: If you feel any symptoms coming on†¦ There’s a cure, Colorado, as long as you vote. (Applause.) Ther e’s a cure.† This is an example of logos because; Obama is again appealing to the audience sense that they need to vote for him. By appealing to the audience Obama achieves, to make sure that they know that he is the cure for Romnesia. By the word Romnesia, Obama uses the term pun; this helps him to create a negative feeling of the work, when you compare it to his own healthcare package â€Å"Obamacare†, with this term he also uses a pun just in a positive way, which creates a good feeling about the word. But the most important part of this quote is, that he makes sure that the audience, see him as the cure. You can say that he is using logos and pathos in this quote, because he is also trying to reach out after the audience emotions. During president Obama’s speech he uses a lot of different terms, the two I have concentrated about is pathos and logos. I find these two terms very important, because it helps him construct a good flowing speech, while he also gets the audience or the ones watching it in TV to agree with him, that’s how he uses pathos. For the once who isn’t sure of what they are going to vote or if they are going to vote, here he uses logos to reach out to the sense audience and tries to help them decide on voting for him.

Industrial Separation of a Mixture: Fractional Distillation

Industrial Separation of a Mixture: Fractional Distillation What sphere is the mixture found in? Crude oil also known as petroleum is an unrefined oil extracted manly to produce petrol, paraffin and diesel oil. The oil is comprised of hydrocarbons, a number of organic compounds and small pieces of metal. The formation of this liquid dates back to millions of years ago from ancient marine life. This substance is located in the lithosphere inside rocks well stuck into the ground. To combat this, mining companies use the normal extraction of drilling to crack open the rocks and withdrawal the oil. Petroleum has had a significant contribution towards the world as it powers all transport vehicles, chemicals, plastics, heat and electricity. Identify physical property used during separation One of the physical properties used when petroleum is being fractionally distilled remains heating to its boiling point. This method is used in order to extract oil from the rest of mixture and make into a pure substance. This is very important due to that fact that the substance must be pure in order to sell or work as petrol or diesel. If these requirements are not met the oil will not work properly and quality will suffer. Description of Process Since petroleum is a mixture there is a numerous ways to separate it such as physical or mechanically but the most common method used throughout the world is the process of fractional distillation. This method is mainly used in most companies because different substances in the mixture have different boiling points and allows it to condense, re-evaporate then condense that permits the separation of the oil from the mixture to become easier. Here is how the oil is separated using fractional distillation: The petroleum mixture is containing different boiling points is heated to a high temperature as it has more than two substances present in it.   Then heat is normally about 400-600 degrees Celsius. This makes the mixture boil and become a vapour Following this, the vapour travels down towards the bottom of the fractional distillation column that is filled with a number of trays or plates. Next, the vapour rises where the column contains various different height sections where its boiling point is similar to the sections that are heated up from hottest (350 degrees) to lowest (30 degrees) starting from the bottom in order to produce different products. Products include jet fuel, gasoline, diesel oil, residue, refinery gas and bottled gas. After that, the trays collect the numerous liquid fractions from each section. Finally, the trays pass through condensers which cool them down and then procced into storage tanks or a used in extended chemical processing. Products of the Separation and their uses The fractional distillation of petroleum has produced several products that have a significant impact towards the modern world.   These products include gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, heavy fuel oil, residue containing bitumen and many more. Gasoline is one of the most important   substances used in in   cars   as it contains flammable liquid hydrocarbons that react with   internal combustion engines to cause a spark that causes a mini explosion. Moreover, the fuel burns immediately and powers the vehicles crankshaft. Residue containing   Bitumen is also important substance as it plays a significant role in the construction of roads. The product is mainly used in roads as the glue or binder mixed with combined particles to create asphalt concrete. Furthermore, the oils main other uses include waterproofing products, including sealing flat roofs and the production of roof felts. The following table expands this more. Products of crude oil % of Crude oil   present Uses Refinery Gas   (350 degrees) 40-50 Roads construction Roofing Waste Management Issues: There are two issues present in cleaning up petroleum. Toxicity The toxicity of the substance is very dangerous to almost all living things. The cleaning up of crude oil tends to be great issue cause of the toxicity and so the cleaners must be very careful to not be exposed or contaminate other living things. They also have to be fast with the clean up because it can dig and leech onto underground water system that links to human residential areas and pose a serious threat onto local communities. Thickness The cleaning up of crude oil also tends to be a great issue because its thick and heavy and so it takes the cleaners many days to clean it insuring that its hasnt contaminated anything else. This is because of the temperature the oil was heated during the process in order to work properly. Therefore, to a high extent the issue of toxicity and the oils thickness is a major issue during its clean up. The Impact of the separation process on Chemistry The fractional distillation of crude oil has progressively changed over the past century. This is mainly due to the advancement of technology and knowledge through the oil refining industry. Most of the oil companies used vacuum distillation to refine crude oil whereby the pressure above the liquid mixture is distilled and reduced to less than its vapour pressure causing evaporation of the oil with the lowest boiling points. However, as the mixture contained different substances that all have different boiling points this made the oil much harder to refine. Moreover, this method was then replaced by fractional distillation as it made it much easier to refine due it being able to separate a mixture with different boiling points better. Fractional distillation has had a high impact towards other fields in chemistry where its used in petrochemical, chemical plants, natural gas processing and cryogenic air separation plants. This process has allowed scientists to produce products in mode rn society and help understand more about the natural world. Evaluate one of your sources One of my sources was published by the BBC but does not present an author in the article (http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqapre2011/rocks/fuelsrev3.shtml). This company is British commercial company known its for news, documentaries and education articles. The company was formed back in 1922 by British and American electrician companies and is known to be one of the most famous companies in the world. Articles presented on their website nearly always right and used by some schools for education purposes. To make this article more academic BBC should have identified the author to inform the validity of the source. Bibliography Reference Bbc.co.uk. (2011). BBC GCSE Bitesize: Fractional distillation. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa_pre_2011/rocks/fuelsrev3.shtml [Accessed 27 Mar. 2017]. Freudenrich, C. (2001). How Oil Refining Works. [online] HowStuffWorks. Available at: http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/energy/oil-refining4.htm [Accessed 26 Mar. 2017]. OilPrice.com. (2009). What is Crude Oil? A Detailed Explanation on this Essential Fossil Fuel | OilPrice.com. [online] Available at: http://oilprice.com/Energy/Crude-Oil/What-Is-Crude-Oil-A-Detailed-Explanation-On-This-Essential-Fossil-Fuel.html [Accessed 26 Mar. 2017]. Pollutionissues.com.(Petroleum water, effects, environmental, disasters, pollutants, United States, history, causes, impact, EPA, soil, chemicals, industrial, liquid, wells, toxic, world, human, power. [online] Available at: http://www.pollutionissues.com/Na-Ph/Petroleum.html [Accessed 27 Mar. 2017].

Concepts of Politics and Economics

Concepts of Politics and Economics Ramon Hernandez The Dictator’s Dilemma The dictator’s dilemma is when an authoritarian ruler’s oppression is so great that the public greatly fears him/her, which then leads to uncertainty as to how much support the ruler actually has. This leads the ruler to spend more resources than is needed to try to expose who potential rivals maybe or to try to buy out the potential opposition. They then begin to spend more and more money trying to keep everyone loyal and often end up spending too many resources on one particular group such as the military. This creates more problems as the groups that aren’t being represented or are not being funded begin to feel more oppressed and less represented. Thus begins a new cycle of people that the ruler must now try to win over. The dictator’s dilemma causes the dictator to become paranoid and forces said ruler to make drastic changes to his/her agenda. For example authoritarian rulers who wish to improve their home regions usually do make improvements at the beginning of their regime but as soon as they begin to fear a potential overthrow they start to spend resources on other regions to keep the popular support. The dictators’ dilemma leaves the ruler in constant states of paranoia because they are never truly sure how much support or opposition they face. Social vs Liberal Market Economies A social market economy is an economic system that combines a highly productive market economy with an extensive and generous welfare state, as well as unusually active involvement of both business and labor in economic policy. It combines private enterprise with regulation and state intervention so that it may create fair competition as well as maintain a balance between high rates of economic growth and low levels of unemployment. It is designed to promote good working conditions, social welfare, public services and lower inflation. It has many of the foundations of a free market economy such as private property, free foreign trade, and free formation of prices. There are provisions to confine the free market such as antitrust codes that help reduce the occurring problems within a free market. A liberal market economy is a system that provides the ability for companies to interact with other companies, their employees, customers, and suppliers in whatever mechanisms they prefer, within the broad regulations implemented by a government. They incorporate a free prices system however they limit the potential for monopolies to form as well as the rates they can charge during certain states of the economy. This allows for competition in the market place to grow. Liberal market economies include government intervention in order to create a basis for domestic and international commerce between businesses in the form of legislation that requires business transactions to take place within specific boundaries. Market Externalities Market Externalities occur when the cost or benefit of the production process is not fully included in the price of the final market transaction, which reduces efficiency. An example of a market externality is the production of a bottle of water. When producing bottles of water, pollution is also produced. However the cost of cleaning up the pollution is not a factor in price of the bottle, nor is a factor in the supply and demand chain. Environmental damage is the most common form of market externalities. When factories pollute the air when they make their products, the costs of the long term damage the local residents as well as the environment receive are not paid by the factory owners. The cost of the bottle is not taken out of the cost for pollution damage. The factory would pollute more if they had to pay for the damages however. Welfare Policy Types Universal Entitlements are benefits that governments provide to citizens more or less equally, usually funded through taxation. An example would be public education in the US. All communities in the US must provide public education to all school age residents without any exemptions including those who are not born in the US. Public education tends to reduce the likeliness that a person will end up in poverty, which is why public education is a universal benefit. In many European countries families are provided child or family allowances to help them raise their children. The allowance is adjusted for household income or on the number of children. Some the criticism to these entitlements is that some people who do not need them still receive the entitlements. Social Insurance provides benefits to categories of people who have contributed to public insurance fund. Examples in the US are social security, disability benefits and unemployment. Workers and employers contribute to the fund and only those who contribute to the fund may benefit from them when they need them for instance when a worker retires. Means-tested public assistance are programs that provide benefits to individuals who fall below a specific income level. Food stamps, subsidized public housing and temporary assistance to needy families are the most common examples in the US. The level of assistance from these programs usually depends on the income level but other factors may contribute such as work requirements. These are unlike universal entitlements where everyone is entitled to their benefits and social insurance where those who contribute get to partake in the benefits; means tested assistance only targets those whose income levels are low. Tax expenditures are targeted tax breaks for specific groups of people or activities designed to achieve social policy goals. Tax breaks on certain people or expenditures subsidizes activities that the government believes to be beneficial. Tax breaks on people or on expenditures has the same effect as amount of social spending on that group of people or project. Cap and Trade System Cap and Trade systems are systems where the government allows a specific amount of acceptable pollution in an industry. Once the amount of pollution is reached the government begins to give out vouchers to companies. Companies are allowed to pollute depending on the amount of vouchers they possess. The companies are allowed to trade and sell their vouchers to other companies. The vouchers were designed in order to regulate and reduce pollution in industries. There are two parts designed to reduce pollution. The first part puts a cap on pollution by companies, the reason being is that companies will not go overboard and pollute as much as they want without having to pay for their future environmental complications. The second part was designed to persuade companies to develop cleaner forms of energy. Switching to cleaner forms of energy would get rid of the need for vouchers and other benefits would then be created. However there are criticisms to the cap and trade system that companies make. One criticism is that it creates monopolies on the vouchers thus creating a monopoly on pollution levels. Big companies will begin to acquire all the vouchers leaving smaller companies unable to pollute and making them have to sell out to the larger companies. Bigger companies have more resources and can use them to their advantage. This allows them to merge all pollution levels and have control over particular industries. Another criticism is that vouchers will allow the government to have control over private industries. The government would have specific powers over companies and would allow them have their needs meet before the company. The government would also have control over who gets the vouchers and how many they can recieve. The Science of Comparative Politics Many people believe that there isn’t a science behind comparative politics, while others believe that there are legitimate reasons as to why and how comparative politics has its own scientific characteristics. There are many examples as to how comparative politics has a science behind it. I will provide a few examples that make comparative politics a science, such as the research methods and how they are used to compare and contrast various state politics. Comparative Politics is defined as the study of the domestic politics, political institutions, and conflicts of countries. Scholars have been studying politics among various regimes for centuries. Aristotle and Machiavelli were some of the first pioneers to study comparative politics so that they could gather information on the success and weaknesses of various governments throughout history as well as their own era’s. As the years went by different methods were developed in order to better understand government institutions, and as people started to move around and create new governments around the world there was a focus shift from European countries to these new developing countries. There was another shift in studying comparative politics, this time the focus was not to describe the type of governments that emerged but how they came about and the likelihood of that government entity to survive. As the governments developed and began to create different institutions, scholars were given more things to study and focus on. This brings about why there are people who do not believe comparative politics to be scientific. As is the case with other scientific forms of study, there are biases to research methods of comparative politics. Those that study comparative politics have their own beliefs and opinions and it comes out when researching a specific topic. The people who are studying and making observations are the ones who draw up the conclusions and facts. Their findings could be completely different from people who have different ideas, beliefs, and research methods and this could result in struggles over what actually happened or what is really going on. This has similarities to other forms of scientific research. Scientists with different beliefs and research methods can come up with one idea and another scientist can come up with something opposite of what that person came up with. Scientist can choose to leave things out that they don’t agree with, the same thing can and does happen in comparative politics. Scientists in all fields can determine what is said and they can use it to manipulate readers that are not informed on that specific topic; much like in politics where the public believes what politicians say even when they are not educated on that subject. But quite possibly the biggest criticism as to why comparative politics is not a science is the material they have to work with. Politics is all historical in a sense, meaning that politics wasn’t created in a lab rather it something that came about through hundreds of years of ruling and experience. Scientists have many forms of acquiring sources and information where as political scientists get their knowledge from historical events and past regimes. Gathering the information is harder for political scientists as well. They may not be granted access to some of the information they need or the truth could have been kept a secret from the rest of the world. By this I mean that past political regimes have kept some of their information a secret. An example of this was Russia after WWII; they did not fully disclose the death rate they faced after the war. Incidents like this make it harder on political scientists when they are trying to put the facts together. Another problem th at political scientists have to deal with when arguing for their legitimacy is that they are limited with trials and errors. Scientists can have infinite trials to test their hypothesis; they simply have to create the experiment, test it, and draw conclusions. Political scientists can only go by either past examples or current examples. Scientist can manipulate their experiments, political scientists can’t. Scientists can have multiple tests where as political scientists have to go by assumptions. Although it may seem as if political science is not an actual science there is a key part of it that makes it a science and that is that they follow the scientific method of research. Political scientists take the same steps that other scientists take when testing there research. They create a hypothesis as to why a certain political movement occurred in history, and how it affected that country and history. Afterwards they test their hypothesis, the same as any other experiment. The forms and methods they use to test their hypothesis are unlike other forms of science but they are still genuine forms of testing. They then come up with a conclusion of their hypothesis. Their conclusions are difficult to accept depending on your political views and own personal beliefs, but they are accurate in their own right. Political scientists follow the scientific method and prove that their field of science is in fact possible and legitimate. Political science faces many of the same criticisms that other forms of science face. There are people that are biased against their beliefs. They have to perform experiments in order to test their hypothesis. They do extensive research on their topics and come up with the best possible answers they can. Political science is a science, even if there aren’t laboratories and people in white coats doing the research Advanced Democratic States The greatest policy challenges that advanced democratic states face today have to deal with political institutions, societal institutions, and economic institutions. Advanced countries are having trouble getting former communist states or poorer states to become part of their union. They are also having trouble figuring out how to create social welfare. They are having problems with devolution. Advanced political institutions are struggling to keep the people happy. In Europe the major problems they are facing are within the European Union. They are having difficulty with several things such as who to grant membership into the union, the currency system, patriotism, as well as fears within the society. Former communist states are having difficulty getting membership into the European Union due to their former governmental policies as well as their economic status. Their transition from communism to democracy has been a difficult one as they are switching from one form of government to a completely different one. Former communist states usually tend to be poorer than the older members of the union which brings up problems when deciding how to fund these governments. Some countries need more help than others and they don’t produce as much wealth as the older members which create problems within the EU as to how much help and funds they should receive. Former members of the Soviet Union are not the only ones that are having trouble acquiring membership into the EU; countries with a Muslim background have also had problems gaining membership. Turkey has had difficulty because of their predominantly Muslim culture. Allowing predominantly Muslim cultures into the EU causes religious problems as well as societal fears. Predominately Christian states within the EU fear that allowing Muslim states into the EU would result in religious turmoil as well as trigger a rise in terrorist threats. Christians fear that Muslims would outnumber them in members, and the society thinks that this would cause terrorist groups to upsurge. Membership is not the only problem the EU faces, currency is always a problem no matter what. The Euro has been an idea that most EU members prefer but that others do not want. The euro was suggested in order to create a type of currency that would help bring EU members closer as well as create a reserve currency that would have international backing. But some countries such as the United Kingdom and Swede n have refused to join the monetary system because they see it as a loss of sovereignty; which brings up another problem and that is patriotism. Some members of the EU feel as if they are losing their identity, they feel as if they are all merging into one and are losing their cultural identity. Other advanced nations, such as the US face many of the same problems as the EU. The US, EU, and advanced countries all over the world are having to deal with social policies that are designed to help out its people. The US faces difficulties with its welfare programs as to who gets them and how much they are entitled to. Many advanced countries see the importance of helping out the lower class so that they may decrease the levels of poverty but also get more people contributing to society in big ways. However some feel that the social policies are not working and that many people are not giving back to society. The poor are not the only ones that get to benefit from these programs. Social security was a program designed to help out the elderly population of the US. It’s a program that has helped many, but due to the ever increasing population of the elderly as well as the life expectancy rate continuing to increase, programs such as social security will be affected in major w ays. The US is not the only country that is facing this problem; other advanced countries such as Japan have to deal with lower rates of birth and higher elderly populations. If this continues to happen many advanced populations will start to see a decrease in population. Immigration would seem to be the solution to this problem, but many countries fear and dislike immigration as they feel like immigration would cause cultures to lose their identity to assimilation. Immigration is something that all advanced societies face and it is something that causes problem within the state. Fear of overpopulation, assimilation, and racial prejudices prevent immigration from growing. Globalization would fix some of the problems that advanced democracies face, however it will not fix all of them. Globalization could fix both racial fears and patriotism. Globalization is a process of international integration arising from the exchange of world views, meaning that countries around the world are communicating, trading, and exchanging personal views. This would obviously ease some of the fears of assimilation that many people think are bad. This could also put a dent in racial prejudices that are faced around the world. Globalization could possibly encourage immigration allow for vast integration of cultures and views. Globalization could possibly help the EU with establishing the euro within all of its members. Globalization calls for many countries to come together which could possibly lead to a rise in the need for a single unit of currency. Globalization will not fix all of the problems such as the complications that are involved with welfare programs. It won†™t stop life expectancy from growing, it won’t stop poverty, it won’t end violence, but it could bring countries closer together and could lead to the solutions to some of the problems that advanced democracies face.

Lazzaro Spallanzani :: essays research papers

Lazzaro Spallanzani Lazzaro Spallanzai, was the Italian physiologist who was one of the founders of experimental biology. Born in Scandiano, a small town in the providence of Emilia on Jan. 12, 1729 , Spallanzani was among the many dedicated philosophersof the eighteeth century (Lazzaro...1). His main scientific interests were biological and was a master at mircoscopy,but he also looked into problems of physics,chemistry, geology, and meteorology, and volcanology (Gillispie,1). After attending a local school, Spallazani went at afe fifteen to a Jesuit seminary in Reggio Emilia where he dominated in rhetoric, philosophy, and languages. He left Reggio Emilia in 1749 to study jurisprudence at the ancient University of Bologna, where he expanded is education in mathematics, chemistry, natural history, and aquired a knowledge of French (Asimov,1). For three years he worked toward his docterine in law. In 1753 or 1754 he became a doctor of philosophy. Then, he recieved instructions in metaphysics and theology and took minor orders. Within a few years he became a priest and added himself to two congregations in Modena (Gillispie,2). Spallanzani, in hundreds of experiments tested various rituals for rendering infusions permanently barren and finally found that they remained free of microorganisms when put into flasks that were sealed and the contents boiled for one hour (Lazzaro...1).The entrance of air into the flask through a slight crack in its neck was Patel 2 followed infusoria. He reported no spontaneous generation in strongly heated infusions protected from aerial contamination. In 1765, after cutting up thousands of earthworms and exploiting the ability of the aquatic salamander to regrow its tail, he resolved to investigate reproductive phenomena in animals ans plants(Gillispie,3). He proved this by cuting theworms the area that affected the segmental regenerative response. Amputation of the tailwas followed by vascularization of the transparent growing stump. He also established the general law that in susceptible species inverse ratio obtains between the regenerativecapacity and age of the animal. Lazzaro launched countless experiments relating to infusion animalcules and "spermatic worms," with result that soon made chimera of thevegetatice force and undermined the docterine of organic molecules; but these ideasdemanded more attention so they were postponed (Asimove,2). He also found that complex infusoriaare more susceptible to heat and cold than the "infinitely minute" germ of lower class,whose relative resistance he ascribed to their eggs. In 1777 he publicly demonstrated the great force exerted by the gizzards of fowls and ducks in

Greece :: essays research papers

Greece has an area of 50,949 square miles and is located at the southern end of the Balkan Peninsula. The area of Greece is approximately the same as that of England or the U.S. state of Alabama. Greece is located in Southern Europe between Albania and Turkey. The country is bordered to the west by the Ionian Sea, to the south by the Mediterranean Sea, and to the east by the Aegean Sea; only to the north and northeast does it have land borders. The basically Mediterranean climate of Greece is subject to a number of regional and local variations occasioned by the country’s physical diversity. The people of Greece usually experience mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. In all seasons, especially in summer, the quality of light is one of Greece’s most appealing attractions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Greek landscape is conspicuous not only for its beauty but also for its complexity and variety. Greece is dominated by three elements: the sea, mountains, and the lowland. Arms and inlets of the sea penetrate deeply so that only a small, wedge-shaped portion of the interior mainland is more than fifty miles from the coast. Islands make up roughly eighteen percent of the territory of modern Greece. Approximately eighty percent of Greece is mountain terrain, much of it deeply dissected. A series of mountain chains on the Greek mainland enclose narrow parallel valleys and numerous small basins that once held lakes. The last dominant feature of the Greek landscape is the lowland. The lowland makes up about twenty percent of the land area and it has played an important role in the life of the country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Approximately eleven million people live in Greece today. All but a very small part of the population belong to the Church of Greece (Greek Orthodox Church). The Muslim minority, which constitutes most of the non-Orthodox group, is mainly Turkish. Roman and Greek Catholics account for the rest, except for a few thousand adherents of Protestant churches and of Judaism. In terms of ethnic composition, Greeks make up all but a small part of the total, the remainder being composed of Macedonians, Turks, Albanians, Bulgarians, Armenians, and Gypsies. Despite a rapid rate of growth in the post-World War II period, Greece’s economy is one of the least developed in the European Union (EU). Rates of productivity remain low in both the agricultural and industrial sectors, and the development of the country’s economy has lagged behind that of its EU partners. Greece :: essays research papers Greece has an area of 50,949 square miles and is located at the southern end of the Balkan Peninsula. The area of Greece is approximately the same as that of England or the U.S. state of Alabama. Greece is located in Southern Europe between Albania and Turkey. The country is bordered to the west by the Ionian Sea, to the south by the Mediterranean Sea, and to the east by the Aegean Sea; only to the north and northeast does it have land borders. The basically Mediterranean climate of Greece is subject to a number of regional and local variations occasioned by the country’s physical diversity. The people of Greece usually experience mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. In all seasons, especially in summer, the quality of light is one of Greece’s most appealing attractions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Greek landscape is conspicuous not only for its beauty but also for its complexity and variety. Greece is dominated by three elements: the sea, mountains, and the lowland. Arms and inlets of the sea penetrate deeply so that only a small, wedge-shaped portion of the interior mainland is more than fifty miles from the coast. Islands make up roughly eighteen percent of the territory of modern Greece. Approximately eighty percent of Greece is mountain terrain, much of it deeply dissected. A series of mountain chains on the Greek mainland enclose narrow parallel valleys and numerous small basins that once held lakes. The last dominant feature of the Greek landscape is the lowland. The lowland makes up about twenty percent of the land area and it has played an important role in the life of the country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Approximately eleven million people live in Greece today. All but a very small part of the population belong to the Church of Greece (Greek Orthodox Church). The Muslim minority, which constitutes most of the non-Orthodox group, is mainly Turkish. Roman and Greek Catholics account for the rest, except for a few thousand adherents of Protestant churches and of Judaism. In terms of ethnic composition, Greeks make up all but a small part of the total, the remainder being composed of Macedonians, Turks, Albanians, Bulgarians, Armenians, and Gypsies. Despite a rapid rate of growth in the post-World War II period, Greece’s economy is one of the least developed in the European Union (EU). Rates of productivity remain low in both the agricultural and industrial sectors, and the development of the country’s economy has lagged behind that of its EU partners.

Guggenheim Museum Bilbao

IntroductionIn today ‘s metropoliss, interior decorators are faced with the corporate creative activity of a incorporate model for new development, out-of-door environmental rivals. Designer ‘s part is frequently to go after the fact, beauty intervention and maltreatment of patients is to make infinites for public utilizing program in the first topographic point. In the urban development procedure as usual landscape located in an stray object, instead than as streets, squares, big portion of the edifice construction, and possible unfastened infinite. ( Roger Trancik,1986 ) Therefore, how to put up the infinite in most environments today was the of import issue.Botching the metropolisGuggenheim Museum Bilbao – Bilbao, SpainIt is one of the universe ‘s most celebrated edifices ; which is an attractive and impressive architectural plants in many ways. Unfortunately, as a public infinite, it is really successful – and even unsafe. Dramatic beauty and sculpture edifice, Bilbao Guggenheim Museum, monumentally for successful as a landmark edifice attempts, and besides has attracted people ‘s attending on Bilbao metropolis. However, the undertaking has failed as a public infinite, losing an of import chance to observe and back up the cultural and community life that will throb throughout of the metropolis. Highlight the centre of Bilbao which located near the waterfront, the edifice disrupted metropolis life, as an abuse to a prosaic who is willing to utilize anything more than other constructing goggling at this topographic point. Frank Gehry, the designer who designed the museum, seem to fear that support, or even acknowledged that human activity and the surrounding edifices. The museum is likely to convey people to Bilbao, but it is merely reduced the civic and cultural life, that is doing people proud to hold their life in metropoliss. In add-on, as a successful investing in the building symbol, it limits the function of the architecture is merely the icon. It received attending, the edifice overlooked the river, giving its prominent, and it ignores the big public topographic points, whether it is comfy, worst of all, it ignores the metropolis, it is merely to pull draw attending. Walking through Bilbao, the edifice make distraction from the most dynamic public infinite in Europe, that is the sort of some of the intervention in community life. While the landmarks of power have been broadcast around the universe, it can easy be interpreted as a human activity and civic life in onslaughts. Although Bilbao as a metropolis could be near to the tallness of civilisation, and Frank Gehry ‘s is the position of an icon as a beacon of urban services, it is besides a public infinite, that is a considerable recreation of civilisation, should be suppose to celebrated. Architecture emerged to go a great success manner that is able to reflect and back up the edifice of civilisation, civilization and regard for the intent of professional characteristics. Gehry ‘s edifice seems to neglect in all these countries, therefore doing great harm to Bilbao, and to the building industry. The great edifices and major public topographic points should be go manus and manus, but unluckily, they seldom do so. The Guggenheim in Bilbao ‘s haughtiness and it indicates that the design and development attack is an abuse to public topographic points everyplace. Around this edifice, public infinite is a nothingness in the civic life of great metropolis. It can be said that this edifice has brought attending to Bilbao, but in this attending has been distracted, or at best a short-run high-sugar, for a metropolis with some of Europe ‘s best public topographic points in many ways. As the Museum non merely merely ignores the context, but besides enhances the distance and fells Bilbao rich cultural and societal life, it is a metropolis ‘s net loss.Canary Wharf – London, UKThere are many concealed positions by out-of-door public infinite and a labyrinth of belowground stores. While I came to this country, I feel even more defeated than I expected. They have four out-of-door public topographic points and the Numberss of stores in the resistance like the maze which concealed positions in fact, it is hard to happen. All people in a public topographic point are full of the auto. Clearly, They argued that the public infinite or non ; they think it is a auto show, is to pull them to be more active. This has a really big graduated table in office park with complex challengers. It is complex instance with the failure consequence for each. The undersides of the edifices are inordinate stark, empty, or conceal with columns to conceal those use-things may seek to reach in any intent. Even if you stand back of the columns or arcades, and you get some good retail or a good entryway, the consequence is still inexorable, and non attractive. Any outside streets is uninteresting and non appealing. Some one would wish to see a few more suited characters to add, and some personality countries. Clearly, there has a really limited set of patronages who want to pull. Contrast to either Battery Park City or Rockefeller Center, it is so baffled to tag Canary Wharf, is so far off the grade. Some one has thought as Winston Churchill, †¦ we are determining our edifice, and so they are determining us†¦ reasonably chilling! It is non easy to hold a position connexion. How do you believe this component will heighten people community. It is evidently a auto show. There are the tall edifices, autos environing the people who need a public infinite.Evaluation on Public SpaceIn research for the public infinite, it is non difficult to happen, there are four qualities of success, and those decided it does work or non: accessible, activities, comfy and community.Access & A ; LinkagesYou can find whether it has convenience connexions to a topographic point or its environing countries, including ocular and physical. A successful public infinite is easy to happen and acquire through ; it is seeable in footings of short distance. The borders of a infinite key are besides important: for illustration, shops sit along a street will be more interesting and by and large safer than walking in a space wall. There is convenient public conveyance, if accessible infinites have a high parking turnover.Pioneer Courthouse Square, PortlandPioneer Courthouse Square, was known as the â€Å" Portland ‘s life room † , as a public infinite in mention to heighten this topographic point to garner in and usage of citizens. These modern designs, including public art, recreational installations, flowers, trees, and walls and sitting country were designed. This is a often happening on-site, and includes a java store, nutrient providers, and information Center for Tri-Met ( regional Portland ‘s theodolite bureau ) , which is the square cardinal factor in the success of the renovation. From doubleduty the siting countries by integrate public art, flowers, trees, walls and ample stepss. This is the activities event of the site that used often, from enhanced a java store and nutrient sellers, and besides as coachs and light rail service in the centre. Pioneer Courthouse Square is one of the first new regeneration of public infinites. It is no longer as a inactive green infinite, and it designed for the square scheduling and supposed to utilize by public. In fact, for such the utilizing substructure is constitutional, but they are responsible for the direction of infinite entities to guarantee that there continued effectual usage. Pioneer Square, Law Courts Building, the procedure of creative activity – the public arguments, fund-raising, the expansive gap ceremonial – were designed to back up occupants, which related to the Polish population. Support and three ocular connexions were from Tri-Met contacted Peoples with the square and metropolis centre as a whole. With an effectual direction organisation, the square has become the metropolis ‘s pride topographic point and the focal point of a assortment of community activities. Proved that the revival of downtown Portland square on the far-reaching impact livability. All sorts of the installations support the each facet of public infinite to community with people.Comfort & A ; ImageWhether it is a comfy infinite – to hold a good image, is the key to success. Comfort is including the safe facet, cleanliness and the handiness of topographic points to sit – allow the people choose what they want to sit ; most people have underestimated the importance of. In peculiar, adult females have the good Judgess on comfort and a good image for their more favoritism.Luxembourg Gardens, Paris, FranceLuxembourg Gardens is likely one of the most successful Parkss in the universe, because so good in the cloth environing the metropolis, which makes it has convenient integrating. There are many things to make, where people who use it: kids, the aged people, the Sorbonne University pupils, widely shown that the people throughout the tiffin interruption, and so on. Peoples go to walk, play cheat, sit down to read, people watching, sitting in a coffeehous e or to convey their kids or grandchildren adult female to one of the kids ‘s many attractive forces. Events go on in the park, including tennis, siting pony, marionette theaters, plaything boat ( child drifting in their them by cardinal fountain ) . Visitors besides can halt within the Palace, and attended by the Gallic Senate, which is a public clear. The park besides organized, such as aerial exposure, that from around the universe in fictile wrap, and besides keep advanced exhibitions and shows around the garden ; a big wooden platform displayed the map which including exposure web site, supplying people with slippers who wants to walk on it – many of the same.Uses & A ; ActivitiesActivity is an indispensable constituent of a topographic point. Something to cover with, it need to gives people a ground to put – and return. When there is anything we can make, a infinite will be empty, and normally means what is incorrect.Kungstradgarden, Stockholm, SwedenKungstradgarden is in the bosom of the metropolis, owed a small past embodiment from the royal household kitchen gardens to lush Parkss to bore the military personnels on the land. The 1953 became the birthday jubilations of Stockholm ‘s 700-year-old site, and the cardinal portion of the direction has been uninterrupted since so, as a flexible event and public presentation infinite. It has besides been the Swedish premiere of the phase: In 1953, the first hot Canis familiaris has been served at that place, and Piccolino introduced java and java in this King ‘s Garden, to the delectation of Swedish roof of the mouths. In 1962, the first unreal ice frozen skating-rink is completed in the park, and the first out-of-doorss cheat set and placed that began in the 1970ss. It is the flourish position in Kungstradgarde, as its direction capacity to accommodate such seasonal usage of a broad scope of public infinites. One of the chief elements in the Kungstradgarden is a big collapsible shelter covering major phases in the warm footings, where they perform about every twenty-four hours. Wholly, it has about 150 phases happen each twelvemonth. In add-on to 100-150 yearss of exhibitions, a Christmas market in December over the weekend, every bit good as a host of other activities. There are trees in the courtyard and on both street-sides of eating houses. A stairss to the sunken fountain is located in forepart of a eating house, garden centre is equipped with a big round place, a winter skating rink. While there are some warm-weather activities such as cheat, assortments of draughtss, table tennis, in a little ruddy bungalow for which the equipment was is available occur to the extent of these activities. The garden was redesigned in 1998, although before there was the same like this minute in the universe in footings of flexibleness, the ensuing layout is more stiff, so that many of these activities no longer possible. In add-on, there is a presentation resort area provided for kids ‘s playing. In all, nevertheless, Kungstradgarden is stay its popular, fantastic urban centres in the nucleus of a well-ventilated topographic point – and compared with the most other topographic points, it still has a wealth of events, activities and public presentations, each season, sponsored by local concerns and organisations, it is impressive.SociabilityThis is a hard topographic point to accomplish quality, but one time achieved it becomes a clear and univocal map. When people see friends, dating, run into their neighbours, should experience comfy interaction with aliens, they tend to experience that fond regard to the topographic point or a sense of belonging in their communities – and local publicity of these types of societal activities.Jackson Square, New Orleans, LAThis is the cardinal square in New Orleans Gallic Quarter is important keen layout, with three park confronting exuberant trees, flowers and attack in full of historical edifices. Outside the park, in add-on to the constitution of the fencing from the elegant, hustling with instrumentalists, creative persons, providers, fluctuations in the activities of prosaic entree, and street public presentations. From the next street is likewise impressive, foregrounding the rule, we in the Spirit frequently described as â€Å" making out like an octopus. † When you are closer and closer to capture the positions of an attractive square, street-level experience in alteration more interesting and look forward to is how to hold on the true power of you. Jackson Square is the figure of â€Å" sacred topographic points † in a peculiar metropolis. This sacred topographic point should be the basis of the metempsychosis of New Orleans. If each community can regenerate the focal point on the cardinal public topographic points such as Jackson Square itself, the metropolis may be powerful hurricanes than of all time before.Mentionhypertext transfer protocol: //www.pps.org/

Crude Distillation Unit

A REPORT ON CDU: HEAT EXCHANGE & INTEGRATION BY Mudit 2010A1PS349P Amanpreet Singh 2010B4A1356P Rishu Gupta 2010A1PS401P AT IOCL REFINERY, GUWAHATI A Practice School-I station of BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, PILANI July, 2012 PREFACE We feel immense pleasure in presenting before you this final report on our PS-1 program IOCL Guwahati refinery. This report encompasses a comprehensive discussion of what we learnt on this program. The report starts with a brief introduction about the organization i. e. IOCL Guwahati refinery.We have kept discussion in this section brief to focus more on our Project ‘Heat exchange and integration in CDU ’. The main report is divided into 4 sections. To start with, the first Section is a basic introduction to Crude distillation unit, its process and products. Heat exchange is among the most important activity for crude distillation units. The 2nd part of the report focuses on this heat exchange process occurring in the crude disti llation unit of Guwahati refinery. Necessary data regarding all the heat exchangers has been provided in a tabular manner to make understanding easier.The concept of critical heat exchanger is introduced subsequently in the 3rd section along with the case study of some important heat exchangers of the process. Heat duty &other calculations presented in this section for heat exchangers are clearly explained in step by step manner along with formulas used. Through these calculations we have tried to analyze whether these exchangers are working efficiently. In the Last part of the report we have given an introduction to ‘heat integration’ one of the most important tool for increasing energy efficiency of a process.Points discussed about heat integration in this section are: Meaning, Importance, its need in CDU, Tools. We have concluded this part with an example of heat integration done in 2010 in pre-heat train of CDU, showing how it helped saving energy & increasing effic iency. A final conclusion and glossary are provided to sum up the report. We hope you have a good time reading this report and find it informative and useful. Mudit, Amanpreet & Rishu Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 2 ACKOWLEDGEMENTA comprehensive report always requires the goodwill, encouragement, guidance and support of many people so we would like to start by thanking our college BITS pilani for initiating program like ps-1 thereby giving us the opportunities to visit real time industries and learn by working on hand in organizations as big as IOCL. Our sincere thanks to Mr. B K Das, CPNM and Mr. P S Sonowal for assigning us this important project on heat integration in refinery and getting us in contact with the required person in each unit. Without their help this whole program would not have been possible.We are indebted by the constant support and mentoring provided by Mr. Vijay Kumar, TS for the preparation of this report. Also, we take this opportunity to thank all the chief engineers, and workers we have met in different units who have received us with open hearts and helped us in learning the vast array of knowledge that a refinery holds. Mr. E Edmund of CDU, Mr. A. Bairagi of OM&S are just the few of these names with whom we shared numerous informative talks which finally went into the preparation of this report. We also express our deep sense of gratitude to IOCL administration for providing us with necessary data nd making our stay a pleasant one. Thanks to our families & friends for their constant support and encouragement throughout the period of preparation of this report. It goes without saying that we are sincerely grateful to our instructor, Mr. Prasantha G for coordinating this ps-1 program and giving us opportunity to present before him this report. Thank you all Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS S No. Topic Page No. Preface Acknowledgement List of Illustrations Abstract 2 3 5 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3 Introduction IOCL Guwahati refinery Production Units of Guwahati refinery 6 7 8 9 2. 1Crude Distillation Unit CDU : Process Description 11 3. 1 3. 2 3. 3 CDU Pre-heat Train (Heat exchange Process) Introduction Shell & tube Heat exchanger Pre-heat train : Description 15 16 17 Heat Exchanger Performance Calculation Critical heat exchangers Performance analysis: Examples ? S-25A/B ? S-11C ? S-23A/B 22 23 23 25 27 Heat Integration Heat Integration : Introduction Heat Integration in CDU ? Need for heat integration in CDU ? Heat integration in Guwahati Refinery ? Example from pre-heat train 30 32 32 32 33 Conclusions References Bibliography Glossary 35 36 37 38 4. 1 4. 2 5. 1 5. 2 Birla Institute of Technology & SciencePilani 333031 4 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ILLUSTRATION NO. DESCRIPTION 1. 2. 1 1. 3. 1 IOCL Indian market share Table showing Production units 2. 1. 1 2. 1. 2 CDU flow diagram Table Showing CDU product properties 3. 2. 1 3. 3. 1 3. 3. 2 Types of Shell Tube heat e xchanger Pre-heat train flow diagram Table Showing cold section heat exchangers Table Showing mid section heat exchangers Table Showing hot section heat exchangers 3. 3. 3 3. 3. 4 4. 2. 1 – 4. 2. 3 4. 2. 4 – 4. 2. 6 4. 2. 7 – 4. 2. 7 5. 1. 1 5. 2. 1 5. 2. 2 Properties, Design data, Practical data of S-25A/B Properties, Design data, Practical data of S-11CProperties, Design data, Practical data of S-23A/B Steps of Heat Integration Heat integration in Pre-heat train S-11/c before & after heat integration Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 5 ABSTRACT Title of the Project: CDU: HEAT EXCHANGE & INTEGRATION Key Words: Crude distillation, Heat exchange, Heat integration, CDU-Pre heat train Project Areas: Heat exchange, Process design & optimization, Energy Abstract: In this work is on Crude distillation unit in a refinery & discusses the heat exchange process in it and introduction of the concept of heat integration which is of wide importance in CDU .CDU is used for crude fractionation and requires a temperature of 354 oC. To increase the temperature of crude 2 step process is used; heat exchange with product streams & furnace. In the shell & tube type heat exchangers of Guwahati refinery Low temperature crude exchanges heat with high temperature streams of SRGO, RCO etc. in 3 stages(cold , mid, hot). The performance of some of these heat exchangers have a major impact on production and are classified as ‘Critical' on the basis of different criteria like frequent fouling, Large surface area.Calculation of heat duty, LMTD of some of these heat exchangers(s/15, S/23a-b,s-24) is done using design & practical data to check whether they are working efficiently as compared to design. Heat integration is an important concept to increase energy efficiency of process through heat recovery. Tools like pinch analysis are used in high energy demanding units like CDU to optimize the Heat Exchanger Network for maximum efficiency. Analy sis of past heat integration done in Pre heat train of CDU is taken as an example for analysis. Signature(s) of Students(s) Date Signature of PS Faculty DateBirla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 6 1. 1 INTRODUCTION This Report is an analysis of the one of the most key elements of any crude distillation unit i. e. ‘Heat Exchange’ & ‘Heat integration’. The report is based on Work in CDU of Guwahati refinery. Crude distillation units are used for the fractionation of crude into more valuable products using their difference in boiling points. Increase in temp for distillation us achieved in 2 steps; first step is the heat exchange of crude with product streams at high temperatures. In the next step a furnace is used to further elevate the temperature.Our main point of discussion in this report is the first step of heat exchange called the Pre-heat train. The pre-heat train consists of 3 sections: Cold, Mid & hot. The purpose of each section is t o recover heat from hot product stream of RCO, SRGO etc and supply it to crude through a shell-tube type heat exchanger. The details about various heat exchanger used in process are presented in the report. Performance of some heat exchanger is more critical on overall heat exchange than others; these heat exchangers are classified as ‘Critical heat exchangers'. Constant monitoring of efficiency of these heat exchangers needs to be done.As Example calculations like heat duty, LMTD is done in this report for some of these critical heat exchangers (S-11C, S-23A/B) to check their efficiency. Crude distillation is an energy intensive process. With increasing oil costs, the focus is to maximize energy recovery. One way to do this is ‘heat integration' which is a technique to design a process to minimise energy consumption. Tools like pinch analysis are used for obtain an optimized heat exchanger network for heat integration in CDU. The retrofitting of the HEN in CDU is taken as case study in report to realize importance of heat integration.Meaning of all the key terms used in the report can be found in the Glossary. Necessary data used in the report has been obtained through manuals & officials of Guwahati refinery. Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 7 1. 2 IOCL GUWAHATI REFINERY ? IOCL Indian Oil Corporation limited is largest state owned company in terms of revenue having ‘Maharatna’ status. It is ranked 98th in the Fortune global 500 listing. It’s biggest player in Indian downstream oil & Gas sector and operates10 of India's 21 refineries with refining capacity of 65. 7 MMTPA.Major ones are Panipat, Mathura, Guwahati, Gujrat, Haldia etc. Its products are Petrol, Diesel, LPG (Indane), ATF, lubricants, Naphtha, Kerosene etc. (1. 2. 1) Sector (India) IOCL Share Petroleum products 49% Refining capacity 37% Downstream pipelines 67% ? Guwahati Refinery Guwahati refinery is the first public sector refinery of India com missioned in 1962. It had an initial capacity of 0. 75 MMTPA which was extended to 1 MMTPA in 1986. Guwahati Refinery receives the raw crude from Oil India Limited & has a product line to Siliguri. Final products of Guwahati Refinery are Motor spirit (MS), ATF, Kerosene, LPG, Diesels, Petroleum Coke Sulphur. It’s an environmentally Conscious refinery with modern effluent treatment facilities, Stack gas monitoring, Products with strict environmental specifications like BS-3 & BS-4. Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 8 1. 3 PRODUCTION UNITS ? Shown below in the table are the various production units of Guwahati refinery along with their use, feed & products(1. 3. 1): Unit Purpose Feed Output CDU Separation of Crude into useful products by distillation. Raw CrudeLPG , Naphtha, RCO, Kero-1 &2 DCU Thermal Cracking to obtain useful products from higher ends RCO CK, CGO, CFO, RFO and RPC HGU Production of hydrogen Light Naphtha (LN) Hydrogen INDMAX FCC unit for m aximizing LPG production from residual stocks. CFO, CK, RCO LPG & Gasoline Quality improvement of Diesel, ATF by removing sulphur. SRGO, KERO 1 &2 BS 3 Diesel, ATF, SKO HDT Improving Octane No. of MS by Hydrotreating & Isomerization LN Isomerate (MS) HDT off gases Elemental Sulphur _ _ Waste water Effluent free water MSQU Recovering Sulphur SRU OM ETP Crude & product storage, Pumping & blendingTreatment of waste water to remove oil and suspended solids Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 9 CRUDE DISTILLATION UNIT Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 10 2 CDU: Process Description INTRODUCTION Crude distillation unit or CDU in short is first & most important unit for any refinery. It’s called the ‘Mother unit’ as its products forms the feed of other units. CDU receives its crude from OM (oil movement and supply section) where it is supplied by Oil India Ltd from upper Assam oil fields. Incoming crude has following properties (2. 1 . 1): PropertyDensity at 15 oC Water content Salt content(ppm) Sulphur content(ppm) Value 0. 8735 2. 05% 8. 7 0. 29 CDU then stripes the crude into various products like kero1, kero2, reduced crude oil, LPG, heavy gasoline and light gasoline using the distillation principle of difference in boiling points. KEY FACTS ? ? ? Installed in 1962. Revamped and modernized in 1986 & 2000. Capacity of 1MMTPA but currently processing 1. 3 MMTPA It’s an Atmospheric distillation unit (ATU) PROCESS DESCRIPTION A brief description of the different processes taking place in CDU is given on next page (2. 1. 2): 1.Pre heating train before Desalter: Crude is pumped by pumps P1/1A at a pressure of 15 kg/cm2 through a series of heat exchangers where its temperature is elevated to 130o C. Crude is gaining heat in these exchangers from pre fractionated overhead vapours(in s-26), RCO( in s-29), SR Kero1 etc. Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 11 2. Desalter: Demulsifier mixed crud e is fed at 130 o C to Desalter (v-101) where it is mixed with water through a mixing valve. The salt in crude dissolves in water and separated from the oil. Salt free crude on the other hand is pumped to Pre-topping column (CL-1) though 2 safety valves. 3.Pre-topping Column (CL-1): The average temperature of crude before entering pretopping column is 238 oC (achieved through heat exchange). The purpose of this column is to remove the straight run (SR) light gasoline and LPG from overhead and reduce the load on the main fractionating column. Shown below is the Flow diagram of CDU(2. 1. 1): 4. Atmospheric furnace (C 1 A): the crude coming from CL-1 bottom at 246 oC is fed to furnace. Furnace is fired by fuel oil (FO), Fuel gas (FG) or a mix of both supplied by DCU. The crude coming out of the furnace has a temperature of around 354 oC and goes to the flash zone of main fractionators’ column. 5.Main Fractionators column (CL-2): It’s the most important part of CDU. Cl-2 i s where the actual distillation is taking place crude is separated into different products of different cut. Stripping stream enters at the bottom. The various subsystems of CL-1 are: Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 12 a) Overhead system: The overhead of the column of the water and the Straight rum Heavy Gasoline (SRHG) are separated. b) Stripper column: A stripping column (CL-3) is attached to the main fractionating column . Its function is to strip apart (separate) kero1, kero 2 and straight run gas oil coming from main fractionating column. ) CL-2 Bottom Section: The remaining crude oil called as the reduced crude oil (RCO) comes out of the bottom of CL-2. RCO forms the feed of DCU 6. Light Gasoline /Heavy Gasoline Processing System: Un-stabilized light gasoline from CDU pre-toping column is stabilized in the stabilizer where LPG is recovered from it while heavy gasoline is split in the two naphtha splitter to separate LN (Light Naphtha), RN (Reformer Naphth a) and HN (Heavy Naphtha). The table below shows properties of the Products formed in the CDU(2. 1. 2): LN TBP cut HN Kero 1 Kero 2 SRGO RCO 65-135 135-165 165-190 190-300 300-370 370+ 11. 27 4. 90 8. 16 12. 11 22. 16 9. 7 0. 731 0. 786 0. 806 0. 866 0. 866 0. 9542 range Yield (% of crude) Density Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 13 CDU PRE-HEAT TRAIN (HEAT EXCHANGE IN CDU) Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 14 3. 1 INTRODUCTION As we have seen the temperature of the Crude oil needs to increase to 354 oC in CDU. This section is a discussion on how this is achieved. Why Crude needs to be heated in CDU? The various components of crude oil have different sizes, weights and boiling temperatures. Crude Distillation Unit is used to strip this crude into various products using the difference in their boiling points.Therefore for distillation to take place the temperature of the Crude has to be elevated to around 354 oC so that all the fractions of cr ude oil can vaporize and get separated. How Temperature of Crude is increased in CDU? The Temperature increase of Crude oil consists of 2 major steps: 1. A 3 Stage Heat exchange (called CDU pre-heat train) of crude with product streams at high temperatures using shell & tube type heat exchangers. This step results in crude being supplied at 246 oC (elevated from ambient) to the next step ‘The atmospheric Furnace’. 2. The atmospheric furnace (C-1A) is then used to further elevate the temperature.Modes of heat transfer in furnace are both convective and radiative the crude coming out of the furnace has a temperature of around 354 oC and goes to the flash zone of main distillation column (CL-2). Furnace alone is not used because it would to too expensive and Energy consuming. By exchanging heat with products, the pre-heat train is serving twin purpose; The Crude is being heated at the same the temperatures of product streams of SRGO, RCO, KERO is brought down which was nee ded for their storage. This heat would have otherwise been wasted. Our point of discussion in this report is the First step i. e. The Heat exchanger Network’ which we will now study in detail. Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 15 3. 2 SHELL & TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER The Pre heat train uses shell & tube type heat exchager for heat transfer. ? It consist of two main things as its name implies Shell & Tubes ? The shell is a large vessel with a number of tubes inside it. ? The principle of operation: Two fluids of different temperatures are brought into close contact but they are not mixing with each other. One fluid runs through the tubes, and another fluid flows over the tubes (through the shell) to transfer heat between the two fluids.The temperature of the two fluids will tend to equalize. The heat is simply exchanged from one fluid to the other and vice versa. No energy is added or removed. Common types of shell and tube exchangers: Birla Institute of Technol ogy & Science Pilani 333031 16 3. 3 PRE-HEAT TRAIN: Description Our point of discussion in this report is first step of the 2 stages used for raising the temperature of crude i. e. the Heat exchanger network in which heat transfer occurs between crude and product streams of RCO, SRGO, and Kero 1. This network is also called the CDU pre-heat train.In this process the temperature of the crude is elevated form ambient conditions at which it is supplied from OM to 246oC. The heat needed for this is coming from the product streams which are at high temperatures. Dual purpose is served in this way: heating of crude as well as the cooling of product streams (needed for their storage). The pre-heat train is divided into three sections on the basis of temperature of crude flowing through them: 1. COLD section 2. MID section 3. HOT Section Shown below is the flow diagram of the CDU pre heat train (3. 3. 1): Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 17 1.Cold Section (before Desalt er): The crude from battery limit is pumped by pumps P-1/1A at about 15. 8 Kg/cm2 through a preheat train where it is heated to a temperature of 130 ? C before entering the Desalter (V-101). The following table shows the shell side & tube side streams of all exchanger in this section along with their inlet-outlet temperatures (3. 3. 2):Exchanger Service Shell Tube Total Surface area Heat Duty Temperature shell tube I O I O S-26 Gasoline Crude 300 x 1 2. 11 107 90 40 65 S-29 RCO Crude 171 x 1 0. 47 116 100 54 60. 3 S-12A Crude Kero 2 148 x 1 0. 92 60. 3 72. 6 130 82 S-27A/B Crude SRGO 183 x 2 1. 39 72. 5 0. 3 173 85 S-7 Kero 2 Crude 93 x1 1. 48 199 130 90. 3 109 S-11A/B RCO Crude 134 x 3 1. 49 165 115 109 122 2. Mid Section (Between Desalter and pre-topping column): The crude from the Desalter is pumped by pump P-21 A/B and divided equally into 2 streams (Train A & B) for further heating before entering the Pre-topping column. P-21A/B? Train â€Å"A†: S-24, S-9A, S-23A/B, S-9B /C, S-22 CL-1 Train â€Å"B†: S-4A/B, S-12B, S-25A/B The crude in train A is preheated by hot-streams of SR Gas Oil (in S-24), RCO (in S-9A, S-23A/B), SR Gas Oil (in S-9B/C), RCO (in S-22) to about 236 ? C. While the crude in Birla Institute of Technology & SciencePilani 333031 18 train B is preheated by SR kero circulating Reflux (CR) (in S-4A/B, S-12B) and RCO (in S-25A/B) to about 240 ? C. Desalted crude from both Train A and Train B streams are combined before entering the pre-topping column. Mixed preheat temperature achievable is around 238 ? C at which it is fed to pre-topping Column. Below is the table showing heat exchangers of mid section (3. 3. 3) Exchanger Shell Service Tube Total area Surface Heat Duty Temperature oC Shell Tube I S-9A Desalted Crude RCO S-23A/B RCO S-9B/C SRGO S-22 RCO S-4A/B Desalted Crude Desalted Crude RCO S-24 S-12B S-25A/B O I O SRGO – 0. 0 122 138 214 173 Desalted Crude Desalted Crude Desalted Crude Desalted Crude Kero CR 149 x 1 0. 61 184 195 138 152 148 x 2 1. 93 241 184 153 195 82 x 2 0. 54 272 214 195 218 149 x 1 0. 91 320 296 218 236 148 x 2 1. 67 122 161 190 164 Kero CR 148 x 2 1. 8 161 198 216 190 Desalted Crude 113. 15 x 2 2. 0 297 283 228 223 3. Hot Section (At CL-1 Bottom): The topped crude from CL-1 bottoms is pumped by pumps P-2/2A to exchangers S16/S-9D in series, where it is heated by SR Gas Oil Circulatory reflux. It then passes to exchanger number S-11C and further to S-21 where it is heated by Reduced Crude Oil (RCO) to about 246?C. At this Temperature pre topped crude enters Atmospheric furnace (C-1A). The table on next page gives details about every heat exchanger in this section (3. 3. 4). Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 19 Exchanger Service Shell Total area Surface Heat Duty Tube Temperature oC Shell Tube I S-16/9D SRGO CR S-21 RCO S-11C RCO Skimmed crude Skimmed crude Skimmed crude O I O 186 x 2 2. 16 291 250 197 257 175 x 1 0. 61 336 320 239 246 134 x 3 1. 49 336 320 239 246 Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 20 HEAT EXCHANGER PERFORMANCE CALCULATION Birla Institute of Technology & SciencePilani 333031 21 4. 1 CRITICAL HEAT EXCHANGER The critical heat exchangers are identified as the ones whose performance has a major impact on heat exchange rate, Production rate, product quality or environmental and health issues. Problem or inefficiency in any of the critical exchanger has a severe effect on overall heat exchange process occurring in the crude distillation unit. The engineers need to see that these exchangers are working efficiently for smooth running of the process (Though efficiency monitoring is important for every exchanger but the most attention has to be paid for Critical heat exchangers).Criteria for Classification: 1. Fouling: is accumulation of unwanted material of heat exchanger surface is called fouling. Fouling is inevitable in heat exchanger but certain heat exchangers are more prone to fouling than others. The se exchangers foul in short intervals and need to be cleaned frequently. Their regular maintenance is very necessary for the heat exchange process. E. g. is S-11/C in hot section is prone to frequent fouling. 2. Large surface area: Some heat exchanger have a very large heat transfer area which means they have a large contribution in total heat exchange taking place.Their inefficiency or by-passing them would have a vital effect of final crude temperature. For example S-23 A/B in the mid section of heat exchanger trains. 3. Single heat exchanger in line: If a heat exchanger is single heat exchanger in the line like the one used in circulating reflux then it cannot be stopped or by-passed. For any maintenance work on them the whole unit has to shut down. Example is S16/9D. In next section the basic performance measurement calculations like heat, Duty, LMTD, Heat transfer coefficient is done for some of these critical heat exchangers. Birla Institute of Technology & SciencePilani 33303 1 22 4. 2 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS: Examples This section analyzes the performances of some main heat exchangers of pre-heat train through calculation of simple performance measurement tools like Heat duty, LMTD & Heat transfer coefficient. The definitions & formulas for these tools can be found in glossary at the end of the report. 1) S-25 A/B ? Type: Shell & tube ? Section: Mid ? Properties: Exchanger no. S-25A/B Service Shell No. of passes Shell Tube Tube RCO Desalted Crude 1 2 Total Surface area Heat Sq. M x no. of Duty element 113. 15 x 2 2. 0 (4. 2. 1) ? Design Data: Shell 54554 55454 296 241 (I) (O) 49. (uncorrected) Total flow (Kg/h) Operating temperature (? C) LMTD (? C) Tube 77586 77586 197. 7 240. 5 (I) (O) 47. 1 (corrected) (4. 2. 2) ? Practical data: Mass flow rate (RCO) = 59187. 5 Kg/hr S-25A/B Service Temperature,  °C Shell Tube Post M Shell side I 297. 5 O 283. 7 Tube side I O 231. 9 245 Nov 11 Exchanger No. 263 253 198 RCO crude 203 (4. 2. 3) ? Calculations: 1. Heat D uty (design): M*Cp*(Ti –To) = 2002813. 7 Kcal/hr Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 23 2. Heat Duty (practical): 559336 Kcal/hr 3. Correction factor for LMTD (practical): 1. 01 4. LMTD (practical): 52. 12 (uncorrected), 51. 7(corrected) ? Observation The practical heat transfer of 559336 Kcal/hr is much lower than the design heat duty of 2002813. 7 Kcal/hr. ? Conclusions 1. The exchanger is not working efficiently 2. Due to fouling the temperature difference across the crude side is low which is reducing the total heat exchange in the exchanger. Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 24 2) S-11/C ? Type: Shell & tube ? Section: Hot ? Properties: It’s a critical heat exchanger because of the frequent fouling Service Exchanger no. Shell Tube S-11C RCO PreDesalter No. of passes Shell Tube 1 2 Total Surface area Sq. m x no. of lement 134 x 3 Heat Duty 1. 49 (4. 2. 4) ? Design data: Shell Tube Total flow (Kg/h) 54554 55454 155171 Operating temperature (? C) 336 (I) 320 (O) 239 (I) LMTD (? C) _ 1551 71 246 (O) _ (4. 2. 5) ? Practical data: Mass flow rate: 59871. 5 Exchanger No. S-11C Service Shell Tube RCO Skimmed Crude Post M Nov ‘11 Temperature,  °C Shell side Tube side I O I O 327 315 257. 8 263 330. 2 275 231 255 (4. 2. 6) Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 25 ? Calculations: 1. Heat Duty (design): M*Cp*(Ti –To) = 6295320 Kcal/hr 2. Heat Duty (practical): 597382. 7 Kcal/hr 3. Correction factor for LMTD(practical) = 0. 75 4. LMTD (practical): 82. 84 (uncorrected), 80. 79(corrected) ? Observations: Heat transfer at present is 597382. 7 Kcal/hr which is satisfactory as compared to design heat transfer of 6295320. ? Conclusions: The present performance of the heat exchanger is satisfactory as compared to design. This little variation in the design heat duty and practical heat duty is due to variation in value of Cp of RCO with temperature. Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 26 3) S-23A/B ? Type : Shell & Tube ? Section: Mid (Train A) ? Properties: It is an critical heat exchager becase of its large heat transfer areaService Total Surface area No. of passes Shell Tube Shell Tube (Sq. m x no. of element) RCO Desalted Crude 1 2 148 x 2 Heat Duty 1. 93 (4. 2. 7) ? Design Data: Property Shell Tube Total Flow (Kg/h) Temperature (? C) I 54554 241. 0 O 54554 184. 0 I 77585 152. 70 O 77585 195. 0 Specific Heat (Kcal/kg-? C) 0. 646 0. 597 0. 566 0. 617 LMTD (? C) 38. 21 35. 6 (4. 2. 8) ? Practical data: Mass flow rate (RCO) = 59187. 5 Kg/hr Temperature  °C Service Shell RCO Tube crude Shell side Post M Nov ‘11 Tube side I 260. 2 O 230 I 145. 7 O 178. 8 253 230 142 160 (4. 2. 9) Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 27 Calculations: 1. Heat Duty (design): M*Cp*(Ti –To) = 1932602. 7 Kcal/hr 2. Heat Duty (practical): 1161000. 7 Kcal/hr 3. Correction factor: 4. LMTD (practical): (uncorrected), (corrected) ? Observations The pra ctical heat transfer of 1161000. 7 Kcal/hr is much lower than the design heat duty of 1932602. 7. The value of LMTD on the other hand is actually higher in case of practical situation ? Conclusions The heat exchanger is not working efficiently. Due to fouling the temperature difference across the crude side is low which is reducing the total heat exchange in the exchanger even after having a high LMTD value.Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 28 HEAT INTEGRATION Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 29 4. 1 HEAT INTEGRATION: Introduction In Today’s process industries like Guwahati refinery increasing energy efficiency is of prime importance. With the rising costs of input like crude, power the process has to be designed to have maximum energy recovery so as to reduce the costs. Heat integration is one of the ways to achieve this. 1. MEANING Heat integration is technique for designing a process to minimise energy consumption and maximise heat recovery.Its part of the broader term ‘Process integration’ which is a holistic approach to process design which emphasizes the unity of the process and considers the interactions between different unit operations from the outset, rather than optimising them separately. 2. NEED FOR HEAT INTEGRATION Heat integration can lead to substantial reduction in the energy requirements of a process thus saving costs. It’s the answer to following questions: ? Are the existing processes as energy efficient as they should be? ? What changes can be made to increase energy efficiency without incurring any costs? What is the most important utility mix for the process? What investments can be made to increase energy efficiency? ? How to put energy efficiency & other targets like emission reduction, increasing plant capacity into one coherent strategic plan? 3. TOOLS FOR HEAT INTEGRATION ? Pinch Analysis The term pinch technology was introduced by Linnhoff to represent a set of the rmodynamics based tools that that guarantee minimum energy levels in design of heat exchanger networks. Pinch Technology provides a systematic methodology for energy saving in processes & total sites. Its prime objective is to provide energy saving by better process heat integration. Here are some of its key features:Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 30 1. Based on the first and second law of thermodynamics. 2. Pinch analysis is applicable for both new design as well as the retrofit systems. 3. It was developed for crude distillation systems but is now applicable to large number of process industries. 4. In addition to energy conservation Pinch technology provides general improvements 5. Some famous Pinch softwares are Pinch ExpressTM, Aspen PinchTM & SuperTargetTM ? Retrofit analysis Retrofit analysis is done to in old process processes to see what modifications suggested by pinch analysis are most suitable for the project.It looks into the optimization of the p rocess through energy capital trade off. In oil refining, retrofit designs are far more common than grass root applications. The retrofit targets are preferably achieved by re-using existing equipment more efficiently rather than installing new equipments and incurring new costs. 4. STEPS IN HEAT INTEGRATION Shown below are the different steps of heat integration (5. 1. 1) Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 31 5. 2 HEAT INTEGRATION IN CDU 1. IMPORTANCE OF HEAT INTEGRATION IN CDU Distillation is the largest single energy consumer in the Refinery.Large section of oil is spent in fuelling the CDU itself. It is energy intensive process as the temperature of the crude has to be elevated to a high temperature of 354 oC. This increase in temperature is achieved by exchanging heat in various heat exchangers between crude and streams of RCO, SR Gasoline, Kero 2 etc which are at high temperature. Heat integration focuses on achieving maximum energy recovery from these strea ms through an optimized HEN so that the crude can be supplied at highest possible temperature to the furnace, thus saving energy.A recent development in distillation technology has shown potential savings of up to 15-40 % through the heat? integrated exchanger network (pre-heat train) & distillation column. 2. HEAT INTEGRATION AT CDU GUWAHTI REFINEY What has been done? 1. The basis of heat integration in heat exchange process is putting process hot streams in thermal contact with process cold streams. We have already seen how product hot streams of RCO, SRGO etc at high temperature are used to exchange heat with the crude oil at low temperature. 2.Designing of an Optimized Heat Exchanger Network in pre-heat train using heat integration tools like pinch analysis & retrofit analysis in July 2010. This design allows maximum energy heat recovery. What can be done? 1. Using heat integrated distillation columns. HIDC can save energy by recovering excess heat from the rectifying section fo r usage in the stripping section. Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 32 2. Seeing the interactions of HEN and distillation column and applying combined heat integration for whole unit.